Despite the archaeological history of intensive occupation, the pollen diagram from Black Pond in Aquinnah indicates widespread forest with low levels of charcoal, grass, and weeds during prehistory. Following European settlement, oak and forest cover decline abruptly, and open-land grasses and herbs increase with land clearance and farming. Charcoal displays peaks corresponding to seventeenth-century forest clearance and late nineteenth-century farm abandonment. In recent times trees have increased, and ragweed, grass, and charcoal have declined.