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<mods:title>Interview with Bertrand Goldschmidt, 1986 [2]</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Goldschmidt, Bertrand</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateCreated encoding='w3cdtf' keyDate='yes'>1986-12-13</mods:dateCreated>
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<mods:extent>02:29:19:29</mods:extent>
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<mods:abstract>Bertrand Goldschmidt was a French physicist, the only Frenchman to work on the Manhattan Project. He later became an international authority on nuclear policy. In this lengthy interview, he recalls the Atoms for Peace program and French mixed feelings about the international Safeguard system. His role in the Quebec conference in 1943 is discussed. He describes the period after Geneva as one of nuclear euphoria because of the spirit of collaboration it engendered. He talks about Frances sale of reactors to Israel and India, among other assistance, and the French dissatisfaction with the Safeguards regime. He goes into some detail on the Indian and Israeli programs, then recalls his reaction to the Chinese test, adding details about reports that the Soviets had provided China with assistance early on in their program. Similarly, he talks about the 1974 Indian test, noting there is no such thing as a peaceful nuclear device, and reflects on Frances attitude toward the nonproliferation treaty, including U.S. criticism that the French exploited loopholes in the agreement. The experience of working with Pakistan, he recalls, was more complicated than Frances arrangements with other governments. He denies France knew at the time that Pakistan wanted to develop a bomb, then describes why the French broke off the deal. Discussing the Carter administrations policies, he considers the presidents nonproliferation approach to have been hostile to nuclear energy and fundamentally unfair. Next, he explains Frances support for the Iraqi reactor, which Israel bombed in 1981. He notes that a French team had been assigned to monitor the reactor and that there was no danger of it being used for undeclared purposes. Frances reasons for building the reactor, he says, included a need for oil and a basic disagreement with the notion of denial of nuclear access to developing countries. He then discusses governments motivations for possessing a bomb, and why there have been no new members of the nuclear club for some years.</mods:abstract>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Nuclear energy</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Joliot-Curie, Frederic</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Reagan, Ronald</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject authority='lcsh' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects'>
<mods:topic>Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Soviet Union</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>United Nations</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968)</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject authority='lcsh' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects'>
<mods:topic>North Atlantic Treaty Organization</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Great Britain</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Nuclear weapons</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject authority='lcsh' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects'>
<mods:topic>Hydrogen bomb</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject authority='lcsh' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects'>
<mods:topic>Nuclear nonproliferation</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>United States. Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>International Atomic Energy Agency</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>International relations</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Physicists</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich, 1906-1982</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
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<mods:country>Israel</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>31.5,34.75</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:country>Pakistan</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>30,70</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>India</mods:country>
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<mods:coordinates>20,77</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:subject authority='tgn' authorityURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn' valueURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1000118'>
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<mods:country>Iraq</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>33,44</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>Belgium</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Europe</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>50.8333,4</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>United States</mods:country>
<mods:continent>North and Central America</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>38,-98</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>China</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>35,105</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:subject authority='tgn' authorityURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn' valueURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1000047'>
<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>Brazil</mods:country>
<mods:continent>South America</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>-10,-55</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:country>Iran</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>32,53</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:country>France</mods:country>
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<mods:coordinates>46,2</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:country>Canada</mods:country>
<mods:continent>North and Central America</mods:continent>
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<mods:namePart>Kissinger, Henry</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1923-</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald)</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1917-1963</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Seaborg, Glenn T. (Glenn Theodore)</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1912-1999</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Gaulle, Charles de</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1890-1970</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name authority='naf' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names' type='personal'>
<mods:namePart>Carter, Jimmy</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1924-</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name authority='naf' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names' type='personal'>
<mods:namePart>Nehru, Jawaharlal</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1889-1964</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Giscard d'Estaing, Valery</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1926-</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Ben-Gurion, David</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1886-1973</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Bhabha, Homi Jehangir</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1909-1966</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name authority='lcsh' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects' type='personal'>
<mods:namePart>Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David)</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1890-1969</mods:namePart>
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