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<mods:title>Interview with Munir Khan, 1987</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Khan, Munir Ahmad, 1926-1999</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher>WGBH Educational Foundation</mods:publisher>
<mods:dateCreated encoding='w3cdtf' keyDate='yes'>1987-02-08</mods:dateCreated>
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<mods:extent>01:20:44:16</mods:extent>
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<mods:abstract>Dr. Munir Ahmad Khan was a nuclear engineer, who chaired the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972-1991. The interview opens with his background and the early years of Pakistans nuclear program. He recalls the period around the Atoms for Peace speech and the 1950s generally as an era of great expectations. Proliferation, he notes, was not an issue then or in the early 1960s, until the Chinese test. Even more significant was Indias test in 1974, which came as a shock and which, he remarks, destroyed the trust between suppliers and recipient states. This had a major impact on the Pakistani program because suppliers began to renege on existing agreements. Further pressure came in 1976 when Kissinger and Ford prevailed on France to cut off its agreement to assist Pakistans program. Canada also decided to curtail its assistance. International entities such as the London Suppliers Group and the International Fuel Cycle Evaluation Group made their mark on Pakistan, as did Jimmy Carters non-proliferation policy. The last, in his view, was wholly counterproductive. He denies there has been any nuclear cooperation with Libya or with any other Moslem state, calling the concept of an Islamic bomb a pure fabrication. He describes the uranium enrichment project as part of an effort to gain a measure of self-sufficiency, noting that Pakistan remains dependent on outside countries for assistance in certain areas. There has been no cooperation with China, he states, commenting that China is not very advanced in the field. He insists Pakistan has no interest in acquiring a bomb.</mods:abstract>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968)</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Nuclear energy</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>International Atomic Energy Agency</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Nuclear-weapon-free zones</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>United States. Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject authority='lcsh' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects'>
<mods:topic>Nuclear nonproliferation</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Soviet Union</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Nuclear Suppliers Group</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>Nuclear weapons</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
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<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>India</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>20,77</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>Libya</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Africa</mods:continent>
</mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:cartographics>
<mods:coordinates>25,17</mods:coordinates>
</mods:cartographics>
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<mods:subject authority='tgn' authorityURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn' valueURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1000111'>
<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>China</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
</mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
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<mods:coordinates>35,105</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:subject authority='tgn' authorityURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn' valueURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1000119'>
<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>Israel</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
</mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:cartographics>
<mods:coordinates>31.5,34.75</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:subject authority='tgn' authorityURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn' valueURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/7012149'>
<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>United States</mods:country>
<mods:continent>North and Central America</mods:continent>
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<mods:coordinates>38,-98</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:subject authority='tgn' authorityURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn' valueURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1000133'>
<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>Pakistan</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Asia</mods:continent>
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<mods:cartographics>
<mods:coordinates>30,70</mods:coordinates>
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<mods:subject authority='tgn' authorityURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn' valueURI='http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1000070'>
<mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:country>France</mods:country>
<mods:continent>Europe</mods:continent>
</mods:hierarchicalGeographic>
<mods:cartographics>
<mods:coordinates>46,2</mods:coordinates>
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</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:name type='personal'>
<mods:namePart>Ford, Gerald R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1913-2006</mods:namePart>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:namePart>Kissinger, Henry</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1923-</mods:namePart>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:name authority='naf' authorityURI='http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names' type='personal'>
<mods:namePart>Carter, Jimmy</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart type='date'>1924-</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>War and Peace in the Nuclear Age</mods:title>
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