Dittmer Is Star Athlete at Simmons

• – This newspaper clipping, with the headline ?Dittmer Is Star Athlete at Simmons?, is about Frances Dittmer breaking three records at the Simmons College track meet. The article contains a large photograph of Dittmer holding a basketball.
• – "Dittmer Is Star Athlete at Simmons FRANCES DITTMER, SIMMONS COLLEGE ATHLETE She broke three records yesterday--the javelin throw, basketball throw, and the shotput--at the college track meet. Miss Frances Dittmer of 36 Francis Street, Brookline, class of 1917, yesterday bore off the athletic honors at the track meet at Simmons College, breaking three recordsin shot putting, javelin throw and basket ball throw. The field day cup was awarded to the class of 1917, which scored 28 points against 26 secured by the class of 1919. The exceptional showing of Miss Dittmer made the largest single contribution to the senior's victory. She won 15 of the senior's 28 points and thereby won the individual cup. Another college record thatwas broken at the track meet yesterday was in the running broad jump. Miss Helen von Kolnitz, 1920, of Charleston, S. C., established the record"

• – Dittmer, Frances

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Marion Lyons Wins

• – This is a newspaper clipping detailing Marion Lyons?s victory in the final of the Simmons College inter-class tennis tournament.
• – "MARION LYONS WINS Marion Lyons, 1919, of Newton defeated Louise Beckwith, 1918, of Safford Springs, Ct., in the final of the inter-class tennis tournament at Simmons College yesterday. Miss Lyons's victory gives the sophomore class its second consecutive victory. She won in three sets, 7-9, 13-11, 6-1."

• – Simmons College

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Honors for Newton Girl

• – This newspaper clipping names the newly elected Simmons College student government officers for the coming academic year. It includes a photograph of new president Miss Dorothy Crawford Blood.
• – "HONORS FOR NEWTON GIRL Miss Blood Heads Simmons Student Government MISS DOROTHY CRAWFORD BLOOD, Simmons College student, who has been elected president of the student government. Miss Dorothy Crawford Blood of Newton was Friday elected president of the student government by the students at Simmons College. This position is the highest at the collegewithin the gift of the student body. Miss Marion Doten, '17, of Somerville, the retiring president, made the announcement of the election late in the afternoon. The following are the other new officers of the student government who will officiate during the coming year: vice-president, Miss Rae Finsterwald, '19; secretary, Miss Catherine Rock, '19; treasurer, Miss ElnoraBlanchard, '20. The students elected the following as the officers as the executives of the athletic association: President, Miss"

• – Student organizations

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Wunderlich at Maine

• – This is a small newspaper clipping from an unidentified source about Albert Wunderlich?s participation on the cross-country team at the University of Maine. Since the clipping refers to Wunderlich?s graduation date (1918) and mentions that he is in his last year, the item must date from the 1917 academic year.
• – ?WUNDERLICH AT MAINE / Capt. Albert W. Wunderlich, '18, of Arlington, of the University of Maine cross country team appeared in Orono Saturday ready to take up his duties for the last year. Authorities at the university and members of the athletic board are uncertain as to cross-country prospects.?

• – Running races

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• – 1917
• – 1918

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Newspaper Clipping, Orono, Maine

• – This is a newspaper clipping about the results of a cross-country race in Maine. The name "Wunderlick" is underlined, and a date is handwritten at the bottom: "10/30/15".
• – "ORONO, Oct. 30--Maine overwhelmed Bates in a dual cross-country run over the five-mile university course today, 15 to 44. Five places counted, and the first five men tofinish were Maine runners. Maine's seven entries scored 34, as compared with 71 for the Bates team. Maine--Bell 1, Wunderlick 2, Preti 3, Dempsey 4, Libby 5. Total 15. Subs, Hyson 8, Sullivan 11. Bates--Lane 6, Gregory 7, Doe 9, Dewolfe 10, White 12. Total 44. Subs, Smith 13, Kneeland 14."

• – University of Maine

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• – 1915

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University of Maine Won Run

• – This is a newspaper clipping describing the results of the New England intercollegiate cross-country race. The date "11/13/15" is handwritten at the top right of the clipping.
• – "UNIVERSITY OF MAINE WON RUN Dartmouth Second in the N.E.I.C.A.A. Event. The University of Maine team won the fourth annual New England intercollegiate cross country held over the Franklin Park course this morning. Its score was 59, and Dartmouth was second with 68, while M. I. T and Brown finished in third and fourth places respectively. R. G. Brown, M. I. T., '16, was the individual winner of the event. His time over the five-mile course was 28m 48 1-5s, 37 seconds better than the time of the first Maine harrier to cross the finish line.The first 10 men to finish and their time were: R. G. Brown, M. I. T. 28:48 1/5 H. Aiken, M. A. C 29:17 R. W. Bell, Maine 29:25 1/5 K. D. Tucker, Dartmouth 29:31 W. L. Lane, Bates 29:37 E. S. Richards, M. A. C. 29:45 A. W. Wunderlick, Maine 29:51 E. J. Dempsey, Maine 29:53 F. P. Freti, Maine 29:53 1/5 A. W. Francis, Worcester Tech 29:53 2/5"

• – Wunderlich, Albert

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• – 1915

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Newspaper Clipping, November 20, 1915

• – This newspaper clipping is hand-dated 11/20/1915 and describes the results of an intercollegiate cross-country tournament.
• – "The University of Maine celebrated its first entry in the inter-collegiate A. A. A. A. cross-country run by taking first place from the strong Cornell team at the annual run of the association held yesterday over the Franklin Park course. Cornell was conceded an easy victory before the start of the race, and the winning of Maine by the score of 51 to 54 was acomplete surprise, as the best Maine was given was a chance against Yale and Dartmouth for second place. Maine came through in grand shape taking four of the first 10 places with the fifth scoring man coming in 28th. Encouraged by their win in the run of the New England Association last Saturday they set out from the crack of the gun to displace Cornell. Dempsey started outin the lead, closely followed by his teammates, and they stayed well up throughout the whole race. Capt J. Overton of Yale was the individual winner of the race and his time of 33m 21 1-5s against the strong wind which was blowing across the course was excellent. Throughout the race he was among the first six men and did not take the lead until the last mile, where he letout and passed Preti of Maine, who after passing the two-mile mark had led up to this time. Overton opened up about 15 yards, which he held until the last eighth of a mile, when heuncorked a burst of speed and won by about 30 yards. Pennsylvania Gets Third Place. Harvard's showing was disappointing as the Crimson failed to finish better than sixth place. Princeton showed surprising strength in beating Dartmouth and Pennsylvania for third place. At the start Dempsey of Maine jumped into the lead, closely followed by Davidson of Harvard, Gullvier ofYale and Duffy of Dartmouth. They were unable to open up much on the bunch, but held the lead up to the approach of the first mile. Here Cornell's two stars, Potter and Hoffmire, came up and went into the lead. At the two-mile mark they were still leading and running strong. Windnagle of Cornell and Preti and Bell of Maine had drawn up to the leaders, closely folowed byOverton of Yale and Floto of Princeton, who in turn had a small lead on the squad which up to this had not stretched out appreciably. The 3 1/2-mile mark brought a change in positions. Cornell's three stars had relinquished lead to Preti, Bell and Overton. Hoffmire and Potter, however, were only a short distance away, with Brown of Tech, winner of the New England run oflast Saturday, at their heels. Sherburne and Tucker of Dartmouth were running side by side, and Grover of Princeton had a slight lead on each. The fourth mile showed Preti, Bell and Overton still in the lead, all running abreast, and Potter and Hoffmire in fifth and sixth positions. At this time, Dempsey of Maine had come into sixth position, followed by Windnagle ofCornell and Brown of Technology. Overton in the Lead. When the runners came up the hill, Overton showed a lead of about 15 yards over Preti of Maine. Brown of Tech, Potter of Cornell and Bell of Maine were fighting it out for third place. Bell had a slight lead, which Potter and Brown were trying to cut down. When Overton came within about 200 yards from the finish he letout a burst of speed which Preti tried in vain to fight off, the former winning by about 30 yards. Bell managed to hold his lead over Potter and Brown, and finished third, the other two finishing in the order named. Floto of Princeton and Hoffmire of Cornell had it out to the finish for sixth place, Floto just getting the tape. Twelve colleges were represented, Colby andthe College of the City of New York being the only ones not to start their entries. The 76 men who finished covered the course of six miles with a little more than 10 minutes between the first and last man. The summary: Time m s J W Overton, Yale 33.21 1/5 F P Preti, Maine 33.26 R W Bell, Maine 33.30 2/5 E F Potter Jr, Cornell 33.31 2/5 R G Brown, Technology 33.39 W HFloto, Princeton 33.49 2/5 J S Hoffmire, Cornell 33.51 3/5 E J Dempsey, Maine 33.58 L V Windnagle, Cornell 34.05 A W Wunderlich, Maine 34.07 2/5 H L Carroll, Michigan 34.24 M G Sherburne, Dartmouth 34.32 2/5 D R Shotwell, Princeton 34.35 K D Tucker, Dartmouth 34.38 3/5 A T E Newkirk, Syracuse 34.40 2/5 J C Corwith, Cornell 34.41 K E Fuller, Harvard 34.46 2/5 E I Tinkham,Cornell 34.48 H C White, Syracuse 34.50 2/5 C McMichael, Pennsylvania 34.50 2/5 L L Glover, Princeton 34.53 C T Guething, Technology 34.57 2/5 R T Twitchell, Harvard 34.58 C L Beckwith, Cornell 34.58 2/5 C F Durgin, Dartmouth 34.59 2/5 H Lord, Dartmouth 35.07 2/5 R L Colton, Pennsylvania 35.11 R H Hysom, Maine 35.15 2/5 R S Young, Yale 35.23 A A Eisle, Pennsylvania 35.241/5 A B Coop, Brown 35.25 1/5 H R Bechtel, Harvard 35.30 2/5 J H Lieberman Pennsylvania 35.36 A R Bancroft, Harvard 35.36 4/5 F J Burke, Cornell 35.40 2/5 A T Copeland, Princeton 35.42 F A Zunino Jr, Princeton 35.45 J C Meyer, Dartmouth 35.45 2/5 J S Langthorn, Columbia 35.46 1/5 H J Cooper, Syracuse 35.47 L McVickar, Technology 35.48 1/5 J V Kuivinen, Michigan 35.53 MGeorge, Syracuse 35.55 4/5 E M Humphreys, Pennsylvania 36.05 J N Dowell, Princeton 36.08 C M Finch, Syracuse 36.09 2/5 W A B Paul, Princeton 36.11 M Graff, Technology 36.14 3/5 J T Duffy Jr, Dartmouth 36.16 R W Babcock, Harvard 36.18 F C Mitchell, Pennsylvania 36.21 1/5 H Look, Columbia 36.25 2/5 L F Pfingstag, Dartmouth 36.34 4/5 P H Keough, Brown 36.40 N H Platt, Yale36.40 2/5 F T Brooks, Pennsylvania 36.43 B F Dodge, Technology 36.48 1/5 H S Gulliver, Yale 36.51 2/5 L J Soule, Syracuse 36.51 3/5 L Stanton, Syracuse 30.55 1/5 D H Parker, Technology 37:03 2/5 G B Fox, Michigan 37:08 Donnelly, Michigan 37:15 1/5 J P Knox, Columbia 37:20 2/5 J Schubert, Yale 37:24 1/5 H P Gray, Technology 37:26 E A Krauss, Yale 37:40 1/5 E M Knox, Yale38:22 1/5 A B Homer, Brown 38.54 2/5 F L Walters, Michigan 39:04 R H Davidson, Harvard 39:40 2/5 R L Hunt, Columbia 39:47 1/5 E T Appleby, Columbia 41:28 2/5 R J Ames, Brown 43.00 4/5 H Sheahan, Brown 43:57 2/5 T W Hall, Brown not taken TEAM SCORES Maine 2 3 8 10 28--51 Cornell 4 7 9 16 18--54 Princeton 6 13 21 36 37--113 Dartmouth 12 14 25 26 38--115 Pennsylvania 20 2730 33 44--154 Harvard 17 23 32 34 50--156 Syracuse 15 19 40 43 46--163 Technology 5 22 41 48 57--173 Yale 1 29 55 58 65--208 Michigan 11 42 62 63 70--248 Columbia 39 52 64 72 73--300 Brown 31 54 69 74 75--303"

• – Running races

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• – 1915

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Maine Cross-Country Team Still Unbeaten

• – This newspaper clipping documents the unbeaten record of the University of Maine cross-country team. It also includes information about Bates, Bowdoin, and Colby, in addition to results for Wunderlick (probably Albert Wunderlich).
• – "MAINE CROSS-COUNTRY TEAM STILL UNBEATEN LEWISTON, Me., Nov. 10--The University of Maine kept its cross-country slate clean today, when it won its fifth consecutive championship of the Maine colleges. Maine scored 24 points, Bates 46, Bowdoin 62 and Colby 90. Herrick of Maine broke the tape ahead of his teammates, Dempsey and Preti in 28 minutes, 15seconds. Seven runners finished inside the next 45 seconds. The feature was the return to form of Frank P. Preti, once winner of a New England race. Maine has yet to meet defeat in cross-country. The team, founded by Art Smith and now drilled by Dr. McCarty, the former Arlington coach, has won four dual, five Maine stake, three New England and one nationalchampionships. MAINE Herrick 1 Dempsey 3 Wunderlick 4 Preti 7 Emery 9 Total 24 BOWDOIN Noyes 6 Cleaves 10 Crane 12 Fillmore 14 Mosher 20 Total 62 BATES Lane 2 Gregory 5 Jenkins 8 white 15 Woodward 16 Total 46 COLBY P Thompson 11 M Thompson 13 Everett 19 Maddox 23 Tucker 24 Total 90"

• – Running races

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• – 1915
• – 1916
• – 1917
• – 1918

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Champion Maine Team Defeats Bates in Run

• – This newspaper clipping documents a cross-country match between Bates and the University of Maine, which Maine won. It also includes results for Albert Wunderlich.
• – "CHAMPION MAINE TEAM DEFEATS BATES IN RUN [Special Dispatch to the Herald.] LEWISTON, Me., Oct. 21--Maine defeated Bates in a dual cross-country run over a five-mile coursetoday, 25 to 30. The University harriers, who last year won three championships, were not as strong as in former years. Dempsey of Maine finished the muddy course in 29m. 23 1-5s. The race was replete With heartbreaking finishes between the goal posts on the football gridiron. Gregory of Bates was the first to enter the field, closely followed by Dempsey, who beat the garnetleader by five yards in a sprint down the field. Maine--Dempsey 1, Wunderlich 4, Emery 5, King 7, Herrick 8. Total 25. Others to finish--Preti 12, Wells 14, Osgood 16. Bates--Gregory 2, Lane 3, White 6, DeWolfe 9, Turner 10. Total 30. Others to finish--Baker 11, Larkum 13, nkins 15, Woodward 17, Blaisdell 16."

• – Running races

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• – 1915
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• – 1917
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• – Herald

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Simmons 1919 Luncheon

• – This is a newspaper clipping from the Simmons College newspaper describing the Simmons class of 1919 sophomore luncheon.
• – "SIMMONS 1919 LUNCHEON Sophomores Have Their Annual Celebration--College Notes The Sophomore luncheon, which is always the big event of the sophomore year at Simmons, was given this noon and was attended by about 190 members of the class. Twenty girls were chosen from the freshman class to serve as waitresses. After the luncheon toasts were proposed by MissMargaret E. Daniels, toastmistress for the occasion, and were responded to by Miss Della Watson for the School of Household Economics, Miss Marion Lyons for the Secretarial School, Miss Katherine Rock for the Library School and Miss Marian McCann for the General Science School. Later, a vaudeville programme was given by some of the class. The chairman of the committee onarrangements was Miss Catherine Tyler of Newton. Chairmen of the sub-committees were: Miss Hildegarde Drummond, entertainment; Miss Mildred Gordan, menu; and Miss Beatrice Garrity, programme. A series of teas are being given by the junior welcoming committee, of which Miss Verta I. Mills of Lynn, is chairman, to groups of freshmen on Sunday afternoons in North Hall.The junior hostesses for this Sunday are Misses Dorothy Day, Thelma Knight, Mary Tandy, Cora Davidson, Helen McCulloch, Mary Randall and Verta Mills. About forty freshmen are included in the invitations issued for tomorrow."

• – Simmons College

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• – 1915
• – 1916
• – 1917
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Simmons Holds First of Open Forums

• – This is a newspaper clipping about the first open forum, held at Simmons in 1917. Its purpose was to promote a closer understanding between students and faculty, and to find areas that could use improvement at Simmons. The date "3/12 '17" is handwritten in the upper right corner of the clipping.
• – "SIMMONS HOLDS FIRST OF THE OPEN FORUMS The first open forum at Simmons College was held last night, and, from the viewpoint of the 400 undergraduates and faculty members who were present, was quite successful. The mass meeting was held in the college hall, and Dr. Barrell of the historical department was chairman. Drs. Mark, Farley, Campbell, Eldridge andother of the faculty expressed their opinion on the honor and 'cut' systems, the college magazine and the principles of academic standing. Many of the students also voiced their opinions on the same questions. The meeting was the first of its nature at Simmons, and was especially profitable, faculty and students agreed, in that it brought the instructors and students to acloser understanding and showed how the college system might be improved."

• – Forums (Discussion&debate)

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• – 1917

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Page 30 - President's Message

• – This is a newspaper clipping of President Woodrow Wilson's address to Congress, asking for a declaration of war against Germany. At the top of the clipping, next to the headline, the date "April 3, 1917" is handwritten.
• – "Text of President's Message / The following is the text of President Wilson's message to Congress asking for declaration of a state of war against Germany: Gentlemen of Congress: I have called the Congress into extraordinary session because there are serious, very serious, choices of policy to be made and made immediately, which it was neither right norconstitutionally permissible that I should assume the responsibility of making. On the third of February last I officially laid before you the extraordinary announcement of the Imperial German government that on and after the first day of February it was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that soughtto approach either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland or the western coasts of Europe, or of any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediterreanean. That had seemed to be the object of the German submarine warfare earlier in the war, but since April of last year the Imperial German government had somewhat restrained the commanders of itsundersea craft in conformity with its promise then given to us that passenger boats should not be sunk and that dire warning would be given to all other vessels which its submarines might seek to destroy, when no resistance was offered or escape attempted, and care taken that their crews were given at least a fair chance to save their lives in their open boats. Theprecautions taken were meagre and haphazard enough as was proved in distressing instance after instance in the progress of the cruel and unmanly business, but a certain degree of restraint was observed. The new policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their flag, their character, their cargo, their destination, their errand, havebeen ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board, the vessels of friendly neutrals along with those of belligerents. Even hospitalships and ships carrying relief to the sorely bereaved and stricken people of Belgium, though the latter were provided with safe conduct through the prescribed areas by the German government itself and were distinguished by unmistakable marks of identity, have been sunk with the same reckless lack of compassion or of principle. Amazed by Inhumanities. I was for alittle while unable to believe that such things would in fact be done by any government that had hitherto subscribed to the humane practices of civilized nations. International law had its origin in the attempt to set up some law which would be respected and observed upon the seas where no nation had right of dominion and where lay the free highways of the world. By painfulstage after stage has that law been built up, with meagre enough results indeed, after all was accomplished that could be accomplished, but always with a clear view, at least of what the heart and conscience of mankind demanded. This minimum of right the German government has swept aside under the plea of retaliation and necessity and because it had no weapons which itcould use at sea except those which it is impossible to employ as it is employing them without throwing to the winds all scruples of humanity or of respect for the understandings that were supposed to underlie the intercourse of the world. I am not now thinking of the loss of property involved, immense and serious as that is, but only of the wanton and wholesale destructionof the lives of non-combatants, men, women and children, engaged in pursuits which have always, even in the darkest periods of modern history, been deemed innocent and legitimate. Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind. Indictment of Germany Unsparing.It is a war aagainst all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but ships and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and overwhelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been no discrimination. The challenge is to all mankind. Each nation must decide for itself how itwill meet it. The choice we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of counsel and a temperateness of judgment befitting our character and our motives as a nation. We must put excited feeling away. Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of human right, of which we areonly a single champion. When I addressed the Congress on the twenty-sixth of February last I thought that it would suffice to assert our neutral rights with arms, our right to use the seas against unlawful interference, our right to keep our people safe against unlawful violence. But armed neutrality, it now appears, is impracticable. Because submarines are in effect outlawswhen used as the German submarines have been used against merchant shipping, it is impossible to defend ships against their attacks as the law of nations has assumed that merchantmen would defend themselves against privateers or cruisers, visible craft giving chase upon the open sea. It is common prudence in such circumstances, grim necessity indeed, to endeavor to destroythem before they have shown their own intention. They must be dealt with upon sight, if dealt with at all. The German government denies the right of neutrals to use arms at all within the areas of the sea which it has proscribed, even in the defence of rights which no modern publicist has ever before questioned their right to defend. The intimation is conveyed that thearmed guards which we have placed on our merchant ships will be treated as beyond the pale of law and subject to be dealt with as pirates would be. Armed neutrality is ineffectual enough at best; in such circumstances and in the face of such pretensions it is worse than ineffectual; it is likely only to produce what it was meant to prevent; it is practically certain todraw us into the war without either the rights or the effectiveness of belligerents. There is one choice we cannot make, we are incapable of making. We will not choose the path of submission and suffer the most sacred rights of our nation and our people to be ignored or violated. The wrongs against which we now array ourselves are no common wrongs; they cut to thevery roots of human life. With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the imperial German government to be in fact nothing less than war against thegovernment and people of the United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it; and that it take immediate steps not only to put the country in a more thorough state of defence, but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the government of the German empire to terms and end the war.Co-operation with Allies. What this will involve is clear. It will involve the utmost practicable co-operation in counsel and action with the governments now at war with Germany, and, as incident to that, the extension to those governments of the most liberal financial credits in order that our resources may, so far as possible, be added to theirs. It will involve theorganization and mobilization of all the material resources of the country to supply the materials of war and serve the incidental needs of the nation in the most abundant, and yet the most economical and efficient way possible. It will involve the immediate full equipment of the navy in all respects, but particularly in supplying it with the best means of dealing withthe enemy's submarines. It will involve the immediate addition to the armed forces of the United States already provided for by law in case of war, at least 500,000 men, who should, in my opinion, be chosen upon the principle of universal liability to service, and also the authorization of subsequent additional increments of equal force so soon as they may be needed and canbe handled in training. It will involve, also, of course, the granting of adequate credits to the government, sustained, I hope, so far as they can equitably be sustained by the present generation, by well conceived taxation. I say sustained so far as may be equitable by taxation because it seems to me that it would be most unwise to base the credits which will now benecessary entirely on money borrowed. It is our duty, I most respectfully urge, to protect our people so far as we may against the very serious hardships and evils which would be likely to arise out of the infliction which would be produced by vast loans. Supply of War Materials. In carrying out the measures by which these things are to be accomplished, we should keepconstantly in mind the wisdom of interfering as little as possible in our own preparation and in the equipment of our own military forces with the duty--for it will be a very practical duty--of supplying the nations already at war with Germany with the materials which they can obtain only from us or by our assistance. They are in the field and we should help them inevery way to be effective there. I shall take the liberty of suggesting, through the several executive departments of the government for the consideration of your committees, measures forthe accomplishment of the several objects I have mentioned. I hope that it will be your pleasure to deal with them as having been framed after very careful thought by the branch of the government upon which the responsibility of conducting the war and safeguarding the nation will most directly fall. While we do these things, these deeply momentous things, let us be veryclear and make very clear to all the world what our motives and our objects are. My own thought has not been driven from its habitual and normal course by the unhappy events of the last two months, and I do not believe that the thought of the nation has been altered or clouded by them. I have exactly the same things in mind now that I had in mind when I addressed theSenate on the 22d of January last; the same that I had in mind when I addressed the Congress on the 3d of February and on the 26th of February. Our object now, as then, is to vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power, and to set up amongst the really free and self-governed peoples of the world such aconcert of purposes and of action as will henceforth insure the observance of those principles. Neutrality No Longer Feasible. Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its people, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments backed by organized force which iscontrolled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people. We have seen the last of neutrality in such circumstances. We are at the beginning of an age in which it will be insisted that the same standards of conduct and of responsibility for wrong done shall be observed among nations and their governments that are observed among the individual citizens of civilizedstates. We have no quarrel with the German people. We have no feeling towards them but one of sympathy and friendship. It was not upon their impulse that their government acted in entering this war. It was not with their previous knowledge or approval. It was a war determined upon as wars used to be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peoples were nowhere consultedby their rulers and wars were provoked and waged in the interests of dynasties or of little groups of ambitious men who were accustomed to use their fellow men as pawns and tools. Self governed nations do not fill their neighbor states with spies or set the course of intrigue to bring about some critical posture of affairs which will give them an opportunity to strikeand make conquest. Such designs could be successfully worked"

• – World War I

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• – 1917

• – Wilson, Woodrow, 1856-1924
• – Wunderly, Ruth Mitchell, 1896-1979

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Text of President?s Message Continued

• – This is a continuation of the newspaper clipping on page 30, which is the text of President Woodrow Wilson's message to Congress.
• – "only under cover and where no one has the right to ask questions. Cunningly contrived plans of deception or aggression, carried, it may be, from generation to generation, can be worked out and kept from the light only within the privacy of courts or behind the carefully guarded confidences of a narrow and privileged class. They are happily impossible wherepublic opinion commands and insists upon full information concerning all the nation's affairs. A steadfast concert for peace can never be maintained except by a partnership of democratic nations. No autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within it or observe its covenants. Possible Only to Free People. It must be a league of honor, a partnership of opinion.Intrigue would eat its vitals away; the plottings of inner-circles who could plan what they would and render account to no one would be a corruption seated at its very head. Only free peoples can hold their purposes and their honor steady to a common end and prefer the interests of mankind to any narrow interest of their own. . Does not every American feel thatassurance has been added to our hope for the future peace of the world by the wonderful and heartening things that have been happening within the last few weeks in Russia? Russia was known by those who knew it best to have been always in fact democratic at heart, in all the vital habits of her thought, in all the intimate relationships of her people that spoke the naturalinstinct, their habitual attitude towards life. The autocracy that crowned the summit of her political structure, much as it had stood and terrible as was the reality of its power, was notin fact Russian in origin, in character or purposes, and now it has been shaken and the great, generous Russian people have been added in all their native majesty and might to the forces that are fighting for freedom in the world, for justice and for peace. Here is a fit partner for a league of honor. Criminal Intrigues. One of the things that has served to convince usthat the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our unsuspecting communites, and even our offices of government, with spies and set criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity of council, our peace within and without, our industries and our commerce. Indeed, it is nowevident that its spies were here even before the war began; and it is unhappily not a matter of conjecture but a fact proved in our courts of justice that the intrigues which have more than once come perilously near to disturbing the peace and dislocating the industries of the country have been carried on at the instigation, with the support, and even under the personaldirection of official agents of the imperial government accredited to the government of the United States. Even in checking these things and trying to extirpate them we have sought to put the most generous interpretation possible upon them because we knew that their source lay, not in any hostile feeling or purpose of the German people towards us (who were, no doubt, asignorant of them as we ourselves were), but only in the selfish designs of a government that did what it pleased and told its people nothing. But they have played their part in serving to convince us at last that that government entertains no real friendship for us and means to act against our peace and security at its convenience. That it means to stir up enemies againstus at our very doors the intercepted note to the German minister at Mexico City is eloquent evidence. We are accepting this challenge of hostile purpose because we know that in such a government, following such methods, we can never have a friend; and that in the presence of its organized power, always lying in wait to accomplish we know not what purpose, there can beno assured security for the democratic governments of the world. We are now about to accept gage of battle with this natural foe to liberty and shall, if necessary, spend the whole force of the nation to check and nullify its pretensions and it power. We are glad, now that we see the facts with no veil of false pretense about them, to fight thus for the ultimate peace ofthe world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included; for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy; its peace must be planted upon trusted foundations and political liberty. For Rights of Mankind. We have no selfish ends to serve.We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfled when those rights have been as secure as the faith and the freedom of the nations can make them. Just because we fight without rancor and without selfishobjects, seeking nothing for ourselves but What we shall wish to share with all free peoples, we shall, I feel confident, conduct our operations as belligerents without passion and ourselves observe with proud punctilio the principles of right and of fair play we profess to be fighting for. I have said nothing of the governments allied with the imperial government ofGermany because they have not made war upon us or challenged us to defend our right and our honor. The Austrian-Hungarian government has, indeed, avowed its unqualified indorsement and acceptance of the reckless, lawless submarine warfare adopted now without disguise by the imperial German government, and it has, therefore, not been possible for this government toreceive Count Tarnowski, the ambassador recently accredited to this government by the imperial and royal governmeat of Austria-Hungary; but that government has not actually engaged in warfare against citizens of the United States on the seas, and I take the liberty, for the present at least, of postponing a discussion of our relations with the authorities at Vienna. Weenter this war only where we are clearly forced into it because there are no other means of defending our rights. Not in Enmity to a People. It will be all the easier for us to conduct ourselves as belligerents in a high spirit of right and fairness because we act without animus, not in enmity towards a people or with the desire to bring any injury or disadvantage uponthem, but only in armed opposition to an irresponsible government which has thrown aside all considerations of humanity and of right and is running amuck. We are, let me say again, the sincere friends of the German people, and shall desire nothing so much as the early re-establishment of intimate relations of mutual advantage between us, howevery hard it may be for themfor the time being, to believe that this is spoken from our hearts. We have borne with their present government through all these bitter months because of that friendship--exercising a patience and forbearance which would otherwise have been impossible. We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions toward themillions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy who live amongst us and share our 1ife, and we shall be proud to prove it towards all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the government in the hour of test. They are, most of them, as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other fealty or allegiance. They will be prompt to stand withus in rebuking and restraining the few who may be of a different mind and purpose. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with with a firm hand of stern repression; but, if it lifts its head at all, it will lift it only here and there and without countenance except from a lawless and malignant few. It is a distressing and oppressive duty, gentlemen of theCongress, which I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilizationitself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for thethings which we have always carried nearest our hearts--for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. To such a taskwe can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other."

• – World War I

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• – 1917

• – Wilson, Woodrow, 1856-1924

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